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Zirconium oxide nanoparticles are being used to improve photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. PDT is a minimally invasive treatment that relies on a light-activated drug and oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that kill cancer cells. While effective in theory, traditional PDT is limited by poor drug solubility, shallow light penetration, and low oxygen levels […]

advanced nanotechnology-based therapies, with a focus on how tumors protect themselves through the tumor microenvironment (TME). Conventional treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery often struggle because they lack precision, harm healthy cells, and have difficulty reaching advanced tumors. Despite decades of use, these methods have only modestly improved survival rates for late-stage cancers, highlighting the

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers because it is usually found late and is difficult to treat. Most patients cannot have surgery, and even those who do often see the cancer return. The tumor is surrounded by a dense, fibrous barrier that blocks drugs from reaching cancer cells and creates an environment that