Researchers have discovered how T cells switch from a resting state to an active attack, revealing a hidden motion in T cell receptors that helps explain how the immune system detects cancer.
Using advanced cryo-electron microscopy, the team found that T cell receptors remain tightly closed and inactive until they encounter an antigen. At that moment, the receptor snaps open in a spring-like, “jack-in-the-box” motion, triggering immune activation.
This mechanism was previously missed because older experiments disrupted the cell membrane, causing premature receptor opening. By preserving a natural membrane-like environment, scientists observed the true resting state for the first time. The findings could improve immunotherapies by making T cells more effective and less prone to exhaustion, and may also guide the development of better vaccines.
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