Non-radiation ablative therapies are minimally invasive, image-guided procedures that destroy localized tumors using energy sources other than ionizing radiation. They are particularly valuable for patients who cannot undergo surgery or prefer less invasive options.
In liver cancer, ablative therapies are standard for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) under 3–5 cm, with outcomes comparable to surgery. Techniques include radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), cryoablation, irreversible electroporation (IRE), and percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI). These methods are also applied to limited metastatic liver tumors for local control. In lung cancer, RFA, MWA, and cryoablation treat early-stage NSCLC or palliate symptoms, particularly in patients with compromised lung function.
For kidney tumors, RFA and cryoablation effectively treat small renal masses while preserving kidney function. Bone tumors, including osteoid osteoma and metastases, benefit from RFA or cryoablation for pain relief and local control. Ablative therapies also have emerging roles in thyroid nodules, soft tissue tumors, and select pancreatic cancers, with careful planning based on tumor size, location, and imaging guidance.
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